Heat wave in India and Pakistan ‘tests the limits of human survival’

The average maximum temperature for northwestern and central India in April was Highest level since records began 122 years ago, they reached 35.9 and 37.78 degrees Celsius (96.62 and 100 degrees Fahrenheit), respectively, according to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD).

Temperatures in India are expected to subside this week, according to the International Institute for Human Development, but experts say the climate crisis will cause more frequent and prolonged heat waves, affecting more than a billion people in the two countries.

India is among the countries expected to be most affected by the effects of the climate crisis, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

“This heat wave is certainly unprecedented,” said Dr Chandni Singh, lead author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and senior researcher at the Indian Institute of Human Settlements. “We have seen a change in its intensity, its arrival time, and its duration. This is what climate experts have predicted and it will have cascading effects on health.”

Crop loss

India often experiences heat waves during the summer months of May and June, but temperatures start to rise this year in March and April.

In the northern state of Punjab, known as the “breadbasket of India,” this is causing heat stress, not only for millions of agricultural workers, but for the wheat fields they depend on to feed their families and to sell it across the country.

An average increase of up to 7 degrees Celsius (44.6 degrees Fahrenheit) in April has reduced wheat yields, said Jurvinder Singh, director of agriculture in Punjab.

“Due to the heat wave, we lost more than 5 quintals (500 kilograms) per hectare of our April crop,” Singh told CNN Monday.

Chandni Singh, of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change not related to Jurvinder Singh, said agricultural workers were more likely to suffer from the oppressive heat.

“People who work outdoors—farmers, construction workers, manual labor—will suffer more. They have fewer options for cooling and can’t get away from the heat,” she said.

School closures and power outages

In some parts of India, demand for electricity has led to coal shortages, leaving millions without electricity for up to nine hours a day.

Last week, coal stocks at three out of the five power plants that Delhi relies on for its energy supply reached extremely low levels, dropping below 25%, according to the Delhi Energy Department.

India has canceled more than 650 passenger trains until the end of May to clear tracks for more freight trains as the country races to replenish coal stocks at power stations, a senior official from India’s Ministry of Railways told CNN.

Indian Railways is a major supplier of coal to power stations across the country.

Some Indian states, including West Bengal and Odisha, have announced school closures to deal with rising temperatures.

“Children who have had to go to school, a lot of them are getting nosebleeds, they can’t stand this heat wave,” West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee told reporters last week.

In recent years, both the federal and state governments have implemented a number of measures to mitigate the effects of heat waves, including closing schools and issuing health guidelines to the public.

But according to Chandni Singh, more needs to be done to prepare for heat waves in the future.

“We don’t have an action plan to reduce tension and there are gaps in the planning,” Singh said. “You can only adapt to so much. This heat wave is testing the limits of human survival.”